U.s. Army And The Civil War - 965 Words

Army personnel were deeply involved throughout the process of reconstruction. Beyond their tremendous effort to strengthen the Freedman’s Bureau, the military oversaw voter registration and elections, established schools, prohibited alcohol, tried to settle property disputes, contracted labor systems and most importantly, maintained law and order. The violence that erupted in the South during the years of reconstruction was dreadful. With military occupation, white violence against blacks did not disappear but it did subside. Blair mentions, that â€Å"no matter how small the number of occupying soldiers, ex-Confederates and white supremacists invariably backed down whenever confronted by the army.† According to Blair, â€Å"Military force on a†¦show more content†¦With a post-Civil War military made up of only about, 25,000 men, â€Å"committing 10,000 to 20,000 troops to long term occupation of the South was unthinkable for practical, economic and politi cal-ideological reasons.† For the short time the Military remained in the South, they achieved significant success in establishing policies of Reconstruction. The Civil War and Reconstruction brought a variety of significant changes to the United States and its citizens. Once under servitude and suffering abuse, Reconstruction brought African Americans new freedoms, rights and opportunities. It was the first time in American history that the Government took full responsibility in defending and protecting its citizen’s basic human rights. Once politically powerless, Reconstruction policies opened new doors for African Americans throughout the United States. During the years of Reconstruction, African Americans in the United States searched for the true meaning of freedom while leaving their first legacies of success on the world. Historian, Steven Hahn describes the legacies left behind by African Americans during this confusing period. According to Hahn, â€Å"at on e time and place or another, a black man occupied virtually every office available at the local level.† After the ratification of the Civil War Amendments, African Americans in the South moved into politics decently fast. They

How Investors Encounter Political Risk In Project Finance Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1602 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? Project Finance is a long term project which needs political will of the governments. It is a long term investment which needs political motivation as well as the continuation of the economic policies of the government. The governments adopts project finance for the provision of public infrastructure through PPPS. The success or failure of project finance has severe political consequences. It is difficult to made or run any project finance without any political support. For example a project finance agreement between a state owned power company and a project company for the construction of power station can not be possible unless the top management of the official company decides that the project is in their interest. The break through can only be possible when there is a strong direction of the government. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "How Investors Encounter Political Risk In Project Finance Finance Essay" essay for you Create order Political support is needed from initiating the project till the completion of the project. Financers need to take steps for the alleviation of political risks before providing any finance to the project. There are three classes or groups of political risks which includes investment risks and investment risks includes Currency convertibility and transfer, expropriation of the project by the state and political violence. Political risk in project finance also includes the change of law which means legislative, judiciary or executive can take a decision in which laws are changed which includes new import export restrictions, changes in environmental law, and new tax regulations. Quasi-Political Risks includes breach of contract and court decisions. Project financers and sponsors can reduce political risk by signing an investor friendly agreement between the sponsor and the government. Political risk can be reduced through the risk insurance through the insurance companies present in the private sector. Companies should also take legislative protection by signing an agreement with the government that any change of law will not affect the terms and conditions of the government. Government should gave permission to the company that there is no restriction on the company if it will take loan from the private sector. After the 9/11 incident in America there were claims of billions of dollars which insurance companies had to pay to the claimants of world trade center. So now it is difficult to buy any risk insurance policy because now insurance company is selling terrorism insurance policy. The problem is that terrorist activities in the world is increasing and now no company is ready to take the risk. In the thirld world counteries financing of large projects wrere managed by the governments. In thirld world counteries most projects were given on Built, Operate and Transfer basis. Governments gave such type of projects to the companies in which they dont want to involve due to some reasons which includes pessure from international organizations, local pressures and environmental issues. Economic benefits of project finance includes a secured loan to the sponsor secured by the project assets would normally give lenders recourse to sponsors assets in addition to project assets in the event of default. At the same time, depending on applicable insolvency laws, a secured lenders claim over the project assets may be subordinated to the claims of other creditors of the sponsor. Project finance is typically used for projects in infrastructure and extractive industries, including ,mines, water and sewage systems, power plants, energy transmission systems, pipelines, roads, railways, airports, ports. Project finamnce has a social, economic and political impact on the host society. Many large projects promote the economic development of the host country by providing employment, profits and technology transfer for local suppliers, tax revenue for the state, and, in some cases, additional goods or services for local customers. However, the operation of projects that make use of project financing may also have adverse effects in the host society. For instance, many of the projects listed above can result in environmental pollution or displacement of residents. In addition, where the project creates a monopoly over the production of locally-consumed goods or services, such as electricity, water or transportation, local consumers may be prejudiced by exploitative pricing policies. Projects that generate revenues from overseas can also be associated with adverse economic or political effects within the host state. Economic effects of project finance is that it gives a a large boost in exports, the result may be that the host nations currency will appreciate in value. Generally, an appreciation of this sort makes a nations other exports less competitive, as foreign buyers essentially must pay a higher price for them. It also gave boost to the real estate. This can be problematic if manufacturing is more likely to contribute to growth than other industries.Governments can take proactive steps to reduce these effects (known as the Dutch Disease), such as investing certain amounts of money overseas so as to avoid driving up either the currency or the price level and thereby crowding out non-resource exports. Political effects includes more access a state has to cashflows from export-oriented projects the less dependent it is on tax revenues or foreign financiers. This makes governments less accountable to external constituencies and can undermine their incentives to govern soundly. States sometimes respond to these concerns by adopting special laws that govern how revenues from projects are to be spent. This strategy is particularly common among oil-producing countries. Usually the proceeds from projects are put into special funds that serve specific purposes, such as investing in education or simply to serve as reserve for a future time when revenues are inadequate. The international community has responded to these concerns by promoting transparency in financial transactions between states that host lucrative export-oriented projects and foreign companies. For instance, the Publish What You Pay coalition of over 300 NGOs worldwide calls for the mandatory disclosure of the payments made by oil, gas and mining companies to all governments for the extraction of natural resources. The coalition also calls on resource-rich developing country governments to publish full details on revenues. Advocates of the movement argue that transparency will place pressure on governments to use the revenues from projects to more effectively promote economic growth. The World Bank has endorsed this strategy by adopting its Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative. In project finance there is a role of project agreements. The project documents serve to allocate risks amongst the parties involved the transaction. From a commercial perspective, the most important risks are the following completion risk, operating risk, resource risk (availability of inputs), market risk/currency risk (value of outputs), political risk (state actions that affect revenues). The social, economic, and political implications of projects are influenced by a variety of bodies of law.Projet finance investors need to follow the host state regulation of foreign investment. Countries have laws that limit foreign investment in various sectors or only permit it at the discretion of government officials. Many states are subject to international obligations that limit their ability to regulate foreign investment. The sources of those obligations include agreement on Trade-Related Investment Measures (TRIMs), general Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) , bilateral Investment Treaties (BITs) and regional agreements such as the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), many multilateral organizations discourage countries from adopting restrictions on foreign investment. Many enders require the projects they support to meet social and environmental standards that are independent of any binding legal obligations. A significant number of private project finance lenders have endorsed the Equator Principles, which commit them to ensure that the projects they support meet social and environmental standards set by the International Finance Corporation to guide its own operations. Methods of enforcing these obligations vary. For instance, some of the ultilateral financial institutions have established ombudsmen or quasi-judicial bodies charged with overseeing compliance with their operational policies. While making a contract law in public policy there are few concerns which include enforceability of stipulated damages clauses, enforceability of choice of law, choice of forum and arbitration clauses, enforceability of obligations in the hands of assignees, recognition of foreign judgments and arbitral wards. Concerns like domestic laws that that affect the value of the project to its investors and sponsors. Projects typically implicate a broad range of domestic laws of general application, including, immigration laws. Many projects will require professionals with specific technical skills to be on site. Often such labor cannot be supplied domestically and must be brought in from elsewhere, environmental and safety laws, tax laws, currency controls. Changes in these laws, or outright physical expropriation, can seriously impair the value of the project to investors and sponsors. Projects are often designed to minimize the host states incentive to take such action. Staging the investment, withholding critical technology, or involving actors such as official creditors or political risk insurers who can threaten to cut off future dealings with the state are all ways of creating disincentives to expropriate. Sponsors and financiers of large projects often obtain agreements that require the host state to exempt them from specified domestic laws or to provide compensation for changes in the law. (Provisions designed to insulate foreign investors from the effects of changes in the law are sometimes referred to as stabilization clauses.) International legal obligations such as customary international law and the provisions of Bilateral Investment Treaties (BITs) limit host states ability to expropriate the assets of foreign investors or otherwise treat them unfairly, including by reneging on agreements designed to insulate them from the effects of domestic law. Many commentators are concerned that these sorts of international obligations place undue restrictions on host states ability to adopt socially beneficial laws.

Reform Movements in 1850’s America Free Essays

During the early-mid 19th century, many reform movements took place throughout the world, specifically in the United States. The main types of reform movements that took place were social, institutional, religious and abolitionist reforms. Many systems went through reformations, most of them putting emphasis on the idea of democracy. We will write a custom essay sample on Reform Movements in 1850’s America or any similar topic only for you Order Now Social reforms such as a push for utopian societies tried to push values and morals on the dysfunctional American society, looking to make it a more democratic one. Abolitionist movements such as the movement for woman’s rights and the abolishment of slavery all reinforced the American idea of equal treatment, just like institutional reforms in the public education and prison systems. Religious reforms also spawned the Second Great Awakening, which revived democratic ideals by setting better moral standards for society. One of the largest reform movements that had the greatest effect on the United States was what took place within and around the institution of slavery. The country became split 50/50 over the very delicate issue of the abolishment of slavery which, if abolished, would affect the economy and social structure of the United States with a colossal magnitude. The majority of the ones who favored the abolishment of slavery believed so because they supported democracy; which in essence secured equal treatment, basic rights and opportunity for its citizens . Abolitionists such as Sojourner Truth, a freed black woman who gained her freedom in 1829, spread her ideas about ridding the country of slavery and promoting women’s suffrage through literature and public speeches. Advocates such as this woman spread their ideas, promoting democracy which helped to gradually change the American mindset towards a more equal society. Similar to this was the How to cite Reform Movements in 1850’s America, Essay examples

Marketing Strategy Development Case study of Tesco †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Marketing Strategy Development of Tesco. Answer: Introduction Marketingis always an integral business tool that elevates a business position in a competitive market. Perception aroundmarketing has varied expression. To some firms marketing is a total concept of promotion business while others consider marketing as an inseparable division of corporate which look marketing as a vital discipline. Based on marketing several strategies branch out and therefore marketing is sometimes viewed as strategy. Whatever be the expression based on marketing the focus remains to promote business to drive it to achieve more sales aiming for a stable profitability (Belz and Peattie, 2009). This report is based on Tesco with focus on the overall strategy and their development for the firms success in the retail industry. Brief description of organisation Tesco Tesco is a multinational grocery based in England. Across the world this company is regarded a third biggest retailer in terms of profit earned. The company was founded in the year 1919 and from the early period of 1990 the company started diversifying its business. It had huge shift from high volume low cost retail firm to most appealing organisation through numerous social groups by the large range of products. Tesco is listed with London stock exchange. Mission statement The mission statement of the company is synonymous to the aim of business with its caring attitude towards the environment and community in equal measures. Mission statement identifies the company a most conscientious for the all stakeholders (Chaffey et al, 2009). The mission and goals of the company are interconnected. The mission statement of Tesco is We make what matters better, together Value statement The company has its values which assist to keep the core principles into practices. In presenting the values of the company in statement arrangement, that looks as below Tries harder for customers, we treat people how they like to be treated and every small help makes a big difference. Tesco offers large ranges of products to markets. Products are grocery products, home electronics, wine, dvd rentals. Tescos diversification moves included retailing of items such as clothing, electronics, books, toys, petrol, furniture, software, internet services and telecom (Chandra, Styles and Wilkinson, 2009). Tesco has its own orientation that caters market places with focus on marketing. The marketing concept is an orientation of the company that relates its brand effort and product values to the expectations of the potential and existing customers. In the products of the company, marketing as an orientation justifies its value proposition. As an example, retail industry has several competitors. Marketing efforts keep them thriving. Holistic approach is the part of marketing efforts of Tesco and this approach has kept the company on the frontal view among customers (Czinkota and Ronkainen, 2013). Tescos marketing concept of orientation considers that customers needs and expectations are always kept in mind while devising strategies. The holistic approach of Tesco is taken to all layers of the company culture to improve customers experience better in retail industry. In the year 1990, while severe competition crept into the industry of retail, some marketing moves initiated by Tesco stren gthened its position in the market. Customers kept coming back to Tesco stores as the company launched reward system for customers against their purchasing of items (Douglas and Craig, 2011). Tesco stressed on venture brands and one of the most remarkable was ChokaBlok ice-cream. The aim behind venture brands was to disassociate the products from Tesco brand so that these could be sold to non competing retail firms. These venture brands were meant for keeping at Tesco stores only and there were some degrees of exclusivity in the products increasing the brand appeal of Tesco although the products were not under the Tesco brand. In 2015 Tesco had launched a scheme named brand guarantee. Under this scheme the customers were promised a refund if some products were more expensive as compared to the competitors. Brand reveals a bundle of emotions which a company like Tesco enables its customers to associate their emotions with. Therefore brand becomes foundation of all marketing efforts (Dow and Larimo, 2009). Therefore brand names attract customers and if the the brand is strong then marketing revolving it becomes effective and possibly helps much for market development. Analysis of 5Cs for the company a) Company Strengths- wide presence in market across north and South America, Asia and North Africa, operational effectiveness, high numbers of products sourced locally, diversified product line, high level of brand equity. Weaknesses- profit levels were affected from bad debts and claims on household insurance, few controversies dented the brand image. Opportunities- brand emergence in emerging markets, capacity of rebranding some stores via promotions through digital media, ability of acquiring small firms of retail chains. Threats- costs of raw materials are increasing, increase in competition from other retail companies, needs of maintaining low cost operation as per requirement during economic downturn if any arises. b) Customers Tesco has huge numbers of customers regardless of age. But they fall into categories of having high and low or moderate spending capacity. This division of customers enable Tesco to personalise its websites for persuading them to search for items suitable to their needs (Ferrell. and Hartline, 2012). Customers are upmarket buyers and hard-up buyers. Upmarket customers are those who hardly wants to cut on expenditures while selecting and purchasing Tescos products and hard up buyers are more considerate in picking costly items and they prefer less costly products to purchase.. c) Collaborators Suppliers- Tesco works with suppliers who are reputed manufacturers of products which are kept in Tesco stores. Therefore suppliers of Tesco ensure products quality and meet the quest of Tesco in terms of search of excellence. Tescos suppliers are highly reputed and distinguished from the countries like USA, Japan, Germany, France, and Sweden (Fletcher and Crawford, 2013). Suppliers and distributors are the parts of the wide network Tesco has to encourage collaboration, knowledge sharing and innovation. Tesco is famous for its producer network who serves fresh food makers and the Tesco knowledge hub that was open to branded manufacturers. Tescos distributors are big firm who keep the supply chain network of the business effective. Suppliers and distributors of Tesco look for strategic relationship and unhindered supply chain. There are numerous partners of Tesco including suppliers and distributors who are inspired by the partnership approach of the company along with ethical trading policy to satisfy needs, the customers do have (Freng Svendsen et al, 2011). The names of the suppliers of Tesco are Tata motors, secureseal, Verizon, RedPrairie, IBM.Amscreen, Samsung, Vanderlande, Facebook, and Cancer Research UK. They are all collaborators and share strategic relationship for materialising the dreams of excellence of Tesco. d) competitors- The company faces tough competition. Retail companies always confront with competitors which are Sainsbury, Wal-Mart, Marks and Spencers. Retail market is full of competition and initial investment for a new venture is costly. But the aspect is promising for aspiring business firms that the industry offers great growth. Innovations and knowledge are the important metrics which can create differences. A new entrant can be potential competitor if innovations and knowledge about markets and customers are developed by it. Still the threat of new entrants in this industry is not so high and is only moderate (Hollensen, 2015). e) Context- the business of Tesco are bit affected by some factors which are not within the control. These are the following Political- Political instability has become a concern in many countries of operation.UK is also not an exception. After the phenomenon like Brexit there are some uncertainties policy formation and implementation affecting the operation of Tesco. UK government does not want its people to be extravagant and they need to be careful about their spending. There are factors like rate of interest and inflation which altogether influence the customers purchasing ability and willingness (Leonidou, et al, 2010). Legal-Legislations have great impact. Employment rules, trading policies, legal aspects, tax structure are all influential in affecting the business of Tesco. Economic-rate of unemployment is not a big concern but still there is absolute economic austerity encouraged by UK government. Interest rate is a big deciding factor which has influence on customers mindset. The cost, price and demand are three elements which have their gripping on Tesco and accordingly business gets affected. Slowdown on food market globally is another factor beyond control of Tesco (Mitchell, Wooliscroft and Higham, 2010). Social- the growing heath awareness among customers has forced Tesco to think for more improvement in quality. Consumers are more focused on non food items while making their purchase decisions. Technological- Technological improvement and its requirement in business process have helped the company to initiate efficient customer response and RFID as two vital systems for ensuring innovation and customers satisfaction (Morgan, Vorhies and Mason, 2009). Environmental- Concerns for environment leads the company to think for sustainable practices for protecting environment. This is also driven by law relating to environment. Tesco in its corporate social responsibility has included policy for environmental protection by reducing degree of pollutions. How does Tesco collect information? Thus need for data collection for understanding customers, competitions, business contexts is strongly felt by Tesco although the company has a firm position in the market. Tesco opts for market research and market intelligence to understand the mood of business environment. Observation-super markets or hypermarkets come to know about the mind frame of customers by directly monitoring their behaviours. They observe how customers do react to a product, what are their sayings about the products, if any store display or product features catch their fancy. This offers them the direct knowledge about customers and competitors as customers often talk about competitors and their refusal to accept products or their dislikes throw some hints about competitors (Morgan, Katsikeas and Vorhies, 2012). Test marketing- This is a bit costly method but is used by Tesco to know the market conditions. Tesco prior to launch some products with a purpose to prejudge the popularity targets a market wherein the products are launched. This helps the company to understand the popularity of the products. Survey-Tesco opts for survey for directly interacting with customers at high street stores. Customers express their answers in a questionnaire which helps the company to judge the market conditions. This also helps Tesco to understand the choices and spending patterns customers do have and the further evaluation of their feedbacks help to understand the external factors affecting the spending capacity of customers and to what extent company is affected from the factors (Murphy, 2010). As an example low spending capacity is caused by some economic factors and these can be understood when customers express it as a concern through their feedbacks. Tescos market intelligence acknowledges the essence of understanding competition and in this effort the company puts stress on competitor analysis. This includes evaluation of competitors objectives, competitors strategy, competitors assumptions, competitors capabilities to have an edge over competitors in market. Suppliers of Tesco are among its collaborator and their behaviour forms a set of knowledge for the company to understand market and business environment. Suppliers bargaining capacity and their importance on business get evaluated so that business can be managed more efficiently. Supply market assessment puts Tesco ahead in competition as supply arrangement and market situations become understandable (Nijssen and Herk, 2009). Also suppliers who the firm has strategic relationship with, help to know the important changes and aspects in the market and competition along with market trend and consumers behaviour. Development of market strategy Choice of target market Tesco has core components in the business. One is to provide its consumers with good quality items at prices that suit their financial capacity. This means the quality is not compromised but some products are priced higher thinking about the premium customers. Another one is that local peoples are put first in the business tactics by the company. Accordingly Tesco choices its target markets. The target market is classified into the segments to reach out to the diverse customers. Tesco targets high street customers and at the same time wants that it must not be perceived that the company caters to wealthy customers only (Papadopoulos and Heslop, 2014). The company must asserts that the customers are in categories of high income with needs of good quality and low incomes with also need of good quality. Because quality remains intact for both types of consumers, Tesco looks at the quality aspect with higher importance. Tesco must view its products as value for money and also needs to en sure the customers that expenses they make to purchase products are justified. Finally, Tesco needs to target its customers who want good products of good value in terms of price and quality. Value proposition for the target market Tesco assumes three vital quadrants in its value proposition concept for target market. These are cost, quality and delivery. Among these the company always thinks on some metrics for increasing the overall brand value than its competitors. The company needs to have some core functional aspects in its value proposition. These are thought on competitive advantage which keeps priority on reduction in cost and competitive cost, innovative resolution including knowledge amalgamation, innovative ability, improved innovation, and reliable design process (Papadopoulos.and Martn Martn, 2011). It is also recommended that Tesco needs to cultivate long term engagements with customers and collaborators like associates and suppliers to improve competitive abilities. Use of talents reputed across the world, achievement of productivity advantage and cost advantages are good options. A systematically powered design as well as development including analysis of product design, reduction in time of pro duct launching could be of help to increase the effectiveness of value proposition for the target market (Shaw, 2012). Positioning statement for the target market In practice, Tesco uses functional and symbolic positioning for its target markets. Functional aspects and qualities are the core elements in this positioning. Improved functional ability is the basis that keeps the products at the fore and customers are informed based on this. Symbolic positioning adopted by Tesco targets to reach at emotional level of customers. An example of this is refusal of using cotton in clothing as cotton industry employs huge numbers of child labour. This promotes the companys fair-trade practices and also brand appeals get improved to customers. The recommended positioning for the company is to lay focus on price positioning. Price positioning is likely to help the brand to reach to the maximum customers to whom price plays a decisive factors in making purchase decisions (Varadarajan,2010). The company needs to convey the brand message that quality is always kept intact even prices is cut down. This will help Tesco to reach to both high and low income peop le as price as an element is always vital to customers regardless of their income and financial status in society. Recommended positioning statement of Tesco Here in Tesco, value, quality, price factors and satisfaction criteria for customers are blended in all products which are uncommon among other brands in the industry. This is ensured by efforts, thoughts for customers and innovation and pricing strategy Tesco puts into practice for serving the valuable customers in the retail industry. Developing marketing tactics Retail marketing mix for Tesco (7 Ps) The each component in marketing mix relates to a better marketing tactics for Tesco. Products- products are diverse which are appealing. Tesco needs to put stress on products which are locally sourced and need to be kept on display accompanied with tag of being locally procured. But the relationship with collaborators must not be affected. Tesco has many products under its own brands like Tesco Kipa, Tesco Lotus, Tesco Bank and others. Availability of products will depend on kind of stores Tesco has (Varadarajan, 2010). Price- It is more vital element and therefore Tesco must keep it price adjustable with the capacity of customers to pay for purchasing products. But low cost strategy for all will not be suitable for the company. High priced luxury products aimed for premium customers is a good option as it will not affect the low income group customers. And also the vanity of premium class customers will be maintained by the pricing. Place- Tesco has different sized stores from Tesco super store, Tesco metro, Tesco extra, Tesco express. Efforts must be there to accommodate all types of products in these stores so that customers will access to the products always at the time of requirement. In Tesco Extra which is a hyper store, all products must be properly displayed for attracting customers attention (Shaw, 2012). Promotion-Tesco club card is a loyalty card which can be promoted to attract more customers. Therefore Tesco club cards need to be advertised along with other products to boost sales. Online advertisements particularly social media advertisements are good promotional platform for the company. People- Tesco employees are key resources to improve the quality of service marketing. Thus a good focus on their motivation is always important. Proper manpower selection and their training remain vital as these will determine their performance and success for Tesco in the retail industry. Process- This is the centre of the services and flawless operation. A viable business process is dependent on integrated information technology and automation process with online and offline selling options (Shaw, 2012). These can ensure most advantageous position for the company. Physical evidence- stores layout, colours of interiors and products positioning must be attractive for attracting customers. These all need to convey the evidence of brand and the truthful presence of brand Tesco to customers at the time of their visit at the stores. Conclusion Tesco is a giant retail organisation with its dominance in the retail sector for long. A successful marketing strategy is a key contributor to the overall organisational development. In this report several essential factors relating to the company has been discussed. A well developed marketing plan includes marketing mix as a viable strategy which is also important for Tesco to stay in the competition with success. References Belz, F.M. and Peattie, K., 2009. 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Fletcher, R. and Crawford, H., 2013. International marketing: an Asia-Pacific perspective. Pearson Higher Education AU. Freng Svendsen, M., Haugland, S.A., Grnhaug, K. and Hammervoll, T., 2011. Marketing strategy and customer involvement in product development. European Journal of Marketing, 45(4), pp.513-530. Hollensen, S., 2015. Marketing management: A relationship approach. Pearson Education.Joshi, R.M., 2009. International business. OUP Catalogue. Leonidou, L.C., Barnes, B.R., Spyropoulou, S. and Katsikeas, C.S., 2010. Assessing the contribution of leading mainstream marketing journals to the international marketing discipline. International Marketing Review, 27(5), pp.491-518. Mitchell, R.W., Wooliscroft, B. and Higham, J., 2010. Sustainable market orientation: A new approach to managing marketing strategy. Journal of Macromarketing, 30(2), pp.160-170. Morgan, N.A., Katsikeas, C.S. and Vorhies, D.W., 2012. Export marketing strategy implementation, export marketing capabilities, and export venture performance. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 40(2), pp.271-289. Morgan, N.A., Vorhies, D.W. and Mason, C.H., 2009. Market orientation, marketing capabilities, and firm performance. Strategic Management Journal, 30(8), pp.909-920. Murphy, P.E., 2010. Marketing, Ethics of. Wiley Encyclopedia of Management. Nijssen, E.J. and Herk, H.V., 2009. Conjoining international marketing and relationship marketing: exploring consumers' cross-border service relationships. Journal of International Marketing, 17(1), pp.91-115. Papadopoulos, N. and Heslop, L.A., 2014. Product-country images: Impact and role in international marketing. Routledge. Papadopoulos, N. and Martn Martn, O., 2011. International market selection and segmentation: perspectives and challenges. International Marketing Review, 28(2), pp.132-149. Shaw, E.H., 2012. Marketing strategy: From the origin of the concept to the development of a conceptual framework. Journal of Historical Research in Marketing, 4(1), pp.30-55. Varadarajan, R., 2010. Strategic marketing and marketing strategy: domain, definition, fundamental issues and foundational premises. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 38(2), pp.119-140.